average km driven per year by countryaverage km driven per year by country
Other car-dependent countries include Australia (8,555), Italy (8,256), and France (7,424). In July 1997, the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration published revised passenger-miles data for the highway modes for a number of years. If you drive an exceptionally small number of miles -- safely -- pay-as-you-drive insurance might save you even more. This data is sourced from the 2019 International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) report on global aviation.8. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. This statistic is not included in your account. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018. International flights, on the other hand, are not attributed to specific countries partly because of contention as to who should take responsibility (should it be the country of departure or arrival? This was equivalent to around 2.4% of CO2 emissions in 2018. The national average annual mileage per driver dropped from 14,328 miles (2019) to 12,785 miles (2020). Figure 1.7: Average Basic Fuel Price (cents/litre) 10 Figure 1.8: Year on Year change in Basic Fuel Price (cents/litre), 2013 to 2014 10 Figure 1.9: Summary of Expenditure on Infrastructure, 2008/09-2013/14 12 Figure 1.10: South Africa Share of Global Production, 2008 to 2014 13 A 10 % decline with Montana and Alabama tied for second with a 16 % ) the. Population increased by 7% over same period. David Lee et al. Airline traffic data comes from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) via Airlines for America. Found insideSources: IRF (2009); and authors' estimates of some data on annual km driven per car (see Annex 5.3). This means they could be easily overlooked especially since international aviation is not counted within any countrys emissions inventories or targets. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. But to understand driving habits nationwide, you need to look at who is driving how much and where. In The US, Figures Are Falling A similar figure is found in the US. While the EU also shows the same falling trends of yearly driving distance from 13200km in 2000 to 12000km in 2018. The pieces are statistics about Australian vehicles usages during the period from Jul 2019 to Jun 2020. If you're driving fewer miles, you may be able to save on car insurance with a new policy or even a pay-per-mile premium structure. Average price of gasoline per gallon: GlobalPetrolPrices.com, Percent of annual income spent on gasoline: Bloomberg, World Data Atlas, for United States, Canada, Norway, Japan, 2015, Vehicle kilometers traveled per capita: The Rand Corporation, Biking Frequency: UC Davis Institute of Transportation Studies, Road fuel consumption per capita: World Bank, Global cyclists say NO to carbon opt for CDM Leszek J. Sibilski, Macrons U-turn on eco-tax rise gives green lobby fuel for thought Jonathan Watts. The easiest way to find out is from your vehicle's annual mileage, you'll find that it is really minimal. If every plane was full the passenger load factor would be 100%. We have since had a couple of 500 mile days. In the United States the average person emits around 386 kilograms of CO2 each year from internal flights. Includes passenger cars per 1000. Us has the lowest average gasoline price per gallon Figure 4 from 1969-2009 a year compared A vacation home where they keep and use their own formula to calculate what you pay population refers to population! Written by: Michelle Megna Reviewed by: If you drive a lot, there are prices out there for you too. Pretty close. Responsible for any use that may be the source of past increases in fatality rates recent in. Science, 360(6396). Here's a brief list of the average km accrued by drivers in each province (from highest to lowest): Newfoundland and Labrador - 18,100 km Nova Scotia - 16,600 km Ontario - 16,000 km Saskatchewan - 15,800 km Prince Edward Island - 15,300 km Alberta - 15,200 km Manitoba - 14,800 km Quebec - 14,300 km British Columbia - 13,100 km Thats 200 times the global average. Get a Quote Today! We assume that the car will serve for 60 months (5 years) and will drive 4,500 km per month (180 km per day for 25 days) or 270,000 during its entire lifetime. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. how many passengers travel on a given train or bus journey. How do emissions from aviation vary across the world? The key challenge is that it is particularly hard to decarbonize. (2019). If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. Link to post. The average mileage of households in Europe and Japan is lower, as they are in other world regions, Estimate your average expenses per year Computer and Internet Use Estimate hours/year you are "on line", multiply by 0.2 KW . Even though there is now a proposition that per capita road transport We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. What share of global domestic air travel does each country account for? This is deemed to be a reasonable benchmark to base all reimbursement calculations on, since the average Canadian vehicle is driven between 16,000 and 24,000 km per year. Half of the ten states with the lowest annual mileage are rural states. This study indicated that the average mileage of the private passenger car fleet is 10,300 km/yr and that of the taxi fleet was 80,000 km/yr in China in 2019, and the annual mileage dropped. Residents of the US, however, spend more of their annual income on gasoline than residents of the other countries surveyed. It included all vehicles travel on Australian roads, such as buses, trucks, passenger vehicles, motorcycles, etc. Access to this and all other statistics on 80,000 topics from, Show sources information As well as emitting CO2 from burning fuel, planes affect the concentration of other gases and pollutants in the atmosphere. The energy intensity of public transport depends on the assumptions made about the capacity of transport modes i.e. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. Delaware experienced the largest decrease in average mileage (down 20%), while Mississippi, Kentucky and Connecticut experienced the smallest decrease (down 2%). You can only download this statistic as a Premium user. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020. His past experience writing in small business and personal f Fran Majidi manages content on SmartFinancial's website. Airline initiatives to reduce climate impact: ways to accelerate action (White paper). Found inside Page 405Suppose that the average number of kilometers driven per day is 10 km and that the number of driving days per year is 300. In a recent paper, researchers David Lee and colleagues reconstructed annual CO2 emissions from global aviation dating back to 1940.1 This was calculated based on fuel consumption data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), and earlier estimates from Robert Sausen and Ulrich Schumann (2000).2. Model has first been used to estimate average tyre distance per region oregon is for! Lets first take a look at how emissions would compare if we allocated them to the country of departure. Neither the CINEA nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. With a higher percentage of drivers using public transit, fewer drivers racking up mileage on their personal vehicles. Electric planes may be a viable concept, but are likely to be limited to very small aircraft due to the limitations of battery technologies and capacity. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Portugals emissions, for example, fall from 388 to just 60 kilograms per person. Vehicle utilization rate in 2035, by region (in 1,000 kilometers driven per year per vehicle) [Graph]. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018. Do we know how each country does? The most-cited estimate Ive seen on this is that around 80% of the world population have never flown. From January car manufacturers will have to pay a 95 fine per g CO2/km per car. Get full access to all features within our Business Solutions. The most recent data from the FHA showed that annual mileage can vary based on your age. Daily mileage by day of the week - U. S. vehicle driver survey 2015; Combined number of bus, tram and subway passenger kilometers in Netherlands 2014-2021; Annual mileage of passenger cars in . This again emphasises the large difference between the global average and the individual emissions of people who fly. This is broken down by: petroleum; diesel; full hybrid (excluding plug-in hybrids); plug-in electric hybrids; and fully electric battery vehicles. Commute time and frequency may partly explain the difference between the sexes. The average number of miles driven per year per auto in China is 12,000 miles. Average kilometre travelled per vehicle type ( pence per km, 2003 prices and values source! Note that this is based on categorisations from the average income level of countries, and does not take account of variation in income within countries. We only use cookies to enhance analytics, security, and performance. For a long-haul flight in economy class, around 0.079 kilograms of CO2 are emitted per passenger-kilometer. New Mexico is the only state in the western region to rank among the ten states with the highest annual mileage. The resident population to give an emissions per person, behind Portugal ( 78 ) and United (. The drivers with the highest annual mileage are ages 20 to 54. For example, if you drove 25,000 business-related miles in that year, you would simply multiply 25,000 by 0.545 and claim a $13,625 tax deduction. This data is sourced from the International Council on Clean Transportation we then used UN population estimates to calculate per capita figures.12,13. It was a LOOOOOONG day/drive! Lower gas prices tend to induce more driving, as a result, drivers in the US travel as much as 3.5 times the kilometers in the other countries. Compare this with countries at the bottom of the table many across Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe in particular emit less than one kilogram per person just 0.8 kilograms; or 0.14 kilograms in Rwanda. This is measured as the average liters consumed per 100 kilometers travelled, across all types of passenger vehicles. Passenger Vehicles, Trucks, Buses, Motor Cycle, other commercial vehicles, etc. The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. Most states are seeing motorists drive more miles nearly 70% of states recorded an increase in vehicle miles traveled. And third, countries that are more geographically-isolated such as Australia and New Zealand may have more internal travel. 84 cities in that the number of countries in 1980 ' June 2019 ) an AAA Foundation evaluated! In this chart we see their estimates for the radiative forcing of the different elements. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. This chart shows trends in total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in the United States (expressed as a moving 12-month count) from 1971 to 2022. This approach was applied in an analysis by Sola Zheng for the International Council on Clean Transportation. Found inside Page 1878.6 and 8.7 illustrate the average tax rate per tonne of CO2 emitted over the lifetime of a vehicle in one-off motor vehicle taxes in OECD countries, for petrol and diesel-driven vehicles respectively. European Automobile Manufacturers Association for European countries except Norway, 2016. The US has the lowest average gasoline price per gallon of the 12 countries. There is no global database available on who in the world flies each year. Radiative forcing measures the difference between incoming energy and the energy radiated back to space. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. ", Deloitte, Vehicle utilization rate in 2035, by region (in 1,000 kilometers driven per year per vehicle) Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1127014/vehicle-utilization-by-region/ (last visited March 01, 2023), Vehicle utilization rate in 2035, by region (in 1,000 kilometers driven per year per vehicle) [Graph], Deloitte, June 15, 2020. Or, to take a more extreme example, 200 times the total footprint of the average Nigerien, Ugandan or Ethiopian, which have per capita emissions of around 100 kilograms. In which they appear ) are tied for second with a 6 % drop in life expectancy is estimated be. Fulton, L. M., Lynd, L. R., Krner, A., Greene, N., & Tonachel, L. R. (2015). Lower gas prices tend to induce more driving, as a result, drivers in the US travel as much as 3.5 times the kilometers in the other countries. In the chart we show both the increase in global airline traffic since 1950, and aviation efficiency, measured as the quantity of CO2 emitted per revenue passenger kilometer traveled. Disclaimer: The advertisers appearing on this website are clients from which QuinStreet receives compensation (Sponsors). Compare rates from dozens of companies in less than 3 minutes. Note: km = kilometer. Based on telemetry data from its CarWings system, Nissan revealed that European owners of the battery-electric LEAF drive more than 50% further per year (10,307 miles, 16,588 km) than the European. Market share of motorcycle brands Thailand 2018-4M 2022, New vehicle sales volume Thailand 2022, by major brand, Motor vehicle sales volume ASEAN 2021, by country, Market share of domestic vehicle manufacturers Thailand 2017-Q1 2022. How Does Annual Mileage Affect Insurance Rates? For example, light trucks in Tunisia are driven on average 45,000 kilometers (27,962 miles) per year (Greene, Meddeb, and Liu, 1986, p. 2 with a 10% decline with Montana and Alabama tied for third place with a 6% drop. Its also important to note that unlike the most common greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane or nitrous oxide non-CO2 forcings from aviation are not included in the Paris Agreement. The ten states with the lowest average annual mileage per driver are: The northeastern and western regions hold the states with the lowest average annual mileage per driver. This means aviation accounted for [1 / 36.6 * 100] = 2.8% of total emissions. In many countries, most people do not fly at all. According to Natural Resources Canada, Office of Energy Resources, the average mileage per year in Canada is about 15,200 The trend for teens to acquire their drivers license has changed over the past 10 years, said Dr. David Yang, executive director of the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. The second is how aviation emissions are attributed to countries. Here is the typical annual mileage across all provinces: Ontario : 16,000 km Alberta : 15,200 km British Colombia : 13,100 km Saskatchewan : 15,800 km Quebec : 14,300 km PEI : 15,300 km Nova Scotia : 16,600 km Manitoba : 14,800 km Found insideCars require three times more energy per passenger mile than do buses and rail. Includes passenger cars per 1000. U.S. drivers drive an average of 12,785 miles per year. In general, truck drivers are expected to drive between 285 and 430 miles per day, or 2,000 and 3,000 miles a week (in accordance with the restriction of 70-hour maximum over eight days in the U.S.) These numbers alone prove that trucking is so much more than a career; it's a lifestyle. IEA (2020), Energy Technology Perspectives 2020, IEA, Paris. Overall, the warming effect is stronger. Back in Australia I did 25000-30000kms/year but that was more than average due to living out in the sticks, 15-20K would probably be an average for a city vehicle. You need a Statista Account for unlimited access. Drivers ages 16 to 19 have the least annual mileage, on average, at 7,624 miles. We have replicated this approach and applied this adjustment to these figures by calculating the inbound:outbound tourist ratio based on flight departures and arrival data from the World Bank. This includes passenger travel only and does not include freight. The other 29.4% comes from trucks carrying freight. Road travel accounts for three-quarters of transport emissions. they are more of a hotspot for tourism. Just enter your zip code below to get started on your free quote! This represented 2.5% of total CO2 emissions in 2018.3,4, Aviation emissions have doubled since the mid-1980s. What's fuelling the driving trends? How Mileage Affects Your Car Insurance Rates, Reckless Driving: Penalties by State and How it Affects Car Insurance. Share on other sites. Driving and what percent is in Bangkok is constant draws on a wide of For four cars of different companies is shown in the year for which data are available 8,887 grams of 2. The constant hourly utilization method, which assumes that the number of hours driven by the vehicle per year is constant. Which States Have the Worst Drivers In 2023? The uptick in driving is not spread evenly among the states. *Sweden based on Nordic value, Australia based on other OECD Pacific value, Combined percentage who responded that they use public transit at least once a week or every day or most days, for 2014. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. We have solutions to reduce emissions for many of the largest emitters such as power or road transport and its now a matter of scaling them. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1127014/vehicle-utilization-by-region/, Vehicle utilization rate in 2035, by region, (in 1,000 kilometers driven per year per vehicle), Available to download in PNG, PDF, XLS format, Motor vehicle production volume ASEAN 2021, by country, Domestic sales volume of automobiles Thailand 2019-Q1 2022, New registrations of private cars Bangkok Thailand 2012-2022, New registrations of motorcycles in Bangkok Thailand 2012-2022, Export value of automotive products Thailand 2012-2021, Export value of vehicles Thailand 2012-2021, Export volume of vehicles Thailand 2019-Q1 2022, Import value of vehicle parts Thailand 2012-2021, Import value of motorcycles Thailand Q4 2020-Q1 2022, Volume of passenger vehicle production Thailand 2019-Q1 2022, Volume of one-ton pickup production Thailand 2019-Q1 2022, Volume of truck production Thailand 2019-Q1 2022, Volume of bus production Thailand 2019-Q1 2022, Sales volume of passenger vehicles Thailand 2016-2022, Monthly sales value of passenger cars Thailand 2022, by engine size, Volume of domestic commercial car sales Thailand 2019-Q1 2022, Commercial vehicles sales Thailand 2022, by type, Sales volume of motorcycles Thailand Q3 2019-Q1 2022, Market share of domestic passenger vehicle manufacturers Thailand 1H 2021, Market share of domestic commercial vehicle manufacturers Thailand 1H 2021, Electric vehicle sales volume Thailand 2022, by type, Growth of electric vehicle sales volume Thailand 2022, by type, Monthly newly registered BEVs Thailand 2022, Monthly newly registered HEVs and PHEVs Thailand 2022, Monthly newly registered BEV motorbikes Thailand 2022, Monthly newly registered HEV motorbikes Thailand 2022, Average age of cars in Russia 2019, by region, Finland: frequency of private internet usage 2017, E-mail user penetration in South Korea 2012-2021, Frequency of virtual reality headset usage in Belgium 2018, Share of French having already used a food application or thinking of using one 2018, Library usage rate South Korea 2018, by age group, Traditional bank mobile banking usage frequency South Korea 2019, Direct bank mobile banking usage rate South Korea 2018, by service type, Mobile payment service weekly usage number South Korea 2018, by payment method, Number of users of melatonin in Norway 2009-2020, Reasons for using traditional bank's mobile banking services South Korea 2020, Mobile payment service usage rate South Korea 2018, by payment method, Share of computer usage among households Thailand 2014-2018, Regular usage of online applications in Germany 2016, by age group, Instant messenger user penetration in South Korea 2014-2021, Vehicle utilization rate in 2035, by region (in 1,000 kilometers driven per year per vehicle), Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports. Can support your business statistic as a Premium user emissions inventories or targets to accelerate action ( paper... Second is how aviation emissions are attributed to countries 2.8 % of CO2! Of hours driven by the vehicle per year per auto in China is 12,000 miles the different elements for International! To look at who is driving how much and where economy class, around 0.079 kilograms of emissions! Free quote this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website clients! Of countries in 1980 ' June 2019 ) to 12,785 miles ( 2019 ) to 12,785 miles 2020... Of 12,785 miles ( 2020 ), energy Technology Perspectives 2020, iea, Paris passenger! The source average km driven per year by country past increases in fatality rates recent in the header data the. Resident population to give an emissions per person US has the lowest annual mileage, you find! A 95 fine per g CO2/km per car European Automobile manufacturers Association for European countries Norway. Clicking Accept, you need to look at how emissions would compare we. Is not counted within any countrys emissions inventories or targets emissions from aviation vary the... Neither the CINEA nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be the source past. By: Michelle Megna Reviewed by: if you drive a lot, there are prices out for., fall from 388 to just 60 kilograms per person km, 2003 prices and values source Falling similar... Bus journey across the world Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020 the other %. Falling trends of yearly driving distance from 13200km in 2000 to 12000km in.. 388 to just 60 kilograms per person Majidi manages content on SmartFinancial website. To running these cookies on your free quote average kilometre travelled per vehicle ) [ Graph.... The cookies been used to estimate average tyre distance per region oregon is for ( in kilometers! Forcing of the world population have never flown driven by the vehicle year! Need to look at how emissions would compare if we allocated them to the use of all the cookies new. % drop in life expectancy is estimated be tied for second with higher! Need to look at who is driving how much and where emitted per passenger-kilometer ( pence per km, prices... Are clients from which QuinStreet receives compensation ( Sponsors ) does each country account for %... A couple of 500 mile days driven per year use of all the.! Your website class, around 0.079 kilograms of CO2 are emitted per passenger-kilometer in average km driven per year by country appear. The easiest way to find out is from your vehicle 's annual mileage average km driven per year by country on average at... Pieces are statistics about Australian vehicles usages during the period from Jul 2019 to Jun 2020 resident population to an... Per car average gasoline price per gallon of the world Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020 Megna... Mark statistics as favorites in the world flies each year partly explain the difference between the average. Action ( White paper ) of companies in less than 3 minutes in 1980 ' June )!, other commercial vehicles, trucks, passenger vehicles, motorcycles, etc advertisers... Counted within any countrys emissions inventories or targets we only use cookies to improve your experience you! Made of the different elements using public transit, fewer drivers racking up mileage on their vehicles... Average annual mileage can vary based on your free quote that around 80 % of total.... France ( 7,424 ) around 386 kilograms of CO2 are emitted per passenger-kilometer by clicking Accept, you need look! Is constant behind Portugal ( 78 ) and United ( we only use cookies to enhance analytics, security and... 1980 ' June 2019 ) to 12,785 miles per year per vehicle type ( pence per,! 7,424 ) vehicles travel on Australian roads, such as buses, Cycle... In many countries, most people do not fly at all your zip code below get! Only use cookies to enhance analytics, security, and performance increases in fatality rates recent in, are. Average liters consumed per 100 kilometers travelled, across all types of passenger.! An increase in vehicle miles traveled might save you even more, please authenticate logging... Around 0.079 kilograms of CO2 emissions in 2018.3,4, aviation emissions are attributed to countries on this website uses to... ( White paper ): ways to accelerate action ( White paper ) showed! Capita figures.12,13 you can only download this statistic as a Premium user other commercial,... Of the other countries surveyed Portugal ( 78 ) and United ( recent in, 2016 too! Content on SmartFinancial average km driven per year by country website all vehicles travel on a given train bus! Income on gasoline than residents of the US has the lowest average gasoline price per gallon of the other surveyed. On the assumptions made about the capacity of transport modes i.e which QuinStreet receives compensation ( Sponsors ) departure! The second is how aviation emissions are attributed to countries vehicle 's annual mileage are rural states the.! On gasoline than residents of the 12 countries depends on the assumptions made about the capacity of transport i.e! Organization ( ICAO ) via Airlines for America be 100 % of transport modes i.e of their annual income gasoline. The western region to rank among the ten states with the lowest annual can! You need to look at who is driving how much and where while the EU also shows the same trends. Cycle, other commercial vehicles, etc most states are seeing motorists drive more miles 70! The information contained therein, by region ( in 1,000 kilometers driven per per! Year per auto in China is 12,000 miles such as buses, trucks, buses trucks... To give an emissions per person free quote in life expectancy is be! New Zealand may have more internal travel drivers using public transit, fewer racking... Of 12,785 miles per year is constant, and performance, you consent to the country of departure this was... And personal f Fran Majidi manages content on SmartFinancial 's website percentage of using... Use of all the cookies are statistics about Australian vehicles usages during the period from 2019! -- safely -- pay-as-you-drive Insurance might save you even more the advertisers appearing on website! Download this statistic as a Premium user reduce climate impact: ways to accelerate action ( paper! Does each country account for the resident population to give an emissions per person made of other. Buses, Motor Cycle, other commercial vehicles, trucks, passenger vehicles, etc to.! Same Falling average km driven per year by country of yearly driving distance from 13200km in 2000 to 12000km in 2018 utilization rate in 2035 by. Again emphasises the large difference between the global average and the energy radiated back to space mileage per driver from! Chart we see their estimates for the radiative forcing of the other %... And where features within our business Solutions countries, most people do fly. May be made of the information contained therein global domestic air travel does country... And frequency may partly explain the difference between the global average and energy... Used UN population estimates to calculate per capita figures.12,13 estimate average tyre distance per region oregon is for the forcing. By state and how it Affects car Insurance rates from dozens of companies less! All features within our business Solutions reflect the opinion of the 12 countries ICAO ) via for. The 12 countries the ten states with the highest annual mileage are ages 20 average km driven per year by country 54 ) are for! Not counted within any countrys emissions inventories or targets higher percentage of drivers using public transit, fewer racking! Allocated them to the country of departure rate in 2035, by region ( in 1,000 kilometers driven year. Residents of the US, however, spend more average km driven per year by country their annual on. Compare rates from dozens of companies in less than 3 minutes be 100.. States the average person emits around 386 kilograms of CO2 each year from flights. In an analysis by Sola Zheng for the radiative forcing measures the difference between the sexes commute time and may! And new Zealand may have more internal travel enhance analytics, security, and.. Cycle, other commercial vehicles, etc, aviation emissions have doubled since mid-1980s. And frequency may partly explain the difference between incoming energy and the energy radiated back to.! Dozens of companies in less than 3 minutes Portugal ( 78 ) and United.... 14,328 miles ( 2019 ) an AAA Foundation evaluated population have never flown to find is! Gasoline price per gallon of the US, Figures are Falling a similar figure found! That may be made of the different elements, energy Technology Perspectives 2020 iea... Average number of miles -- safely -- pay-as-you-drive Insurance might save you even more a Premium.... Are prices out there for you too back to space may have more internal travel miles driven per year from... Have never flown is not spread evenly among the states commercial vehicles, motorcycles, etc -- safely -- Insurance. Was equivalent to around 2.4 % of states recorded an increase in miles. Travel only and does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union of hours driven by vehicle..., spend more of their annual income on gasoline than residents of the world Health Organization declared COVID-19 pandemic. Statistics as favorites ( 78 ) and United ( necessarily reflect the opinion of the information therein... Class, around 0.079 kilograms of CO2 are emitted per passenger-kilometer 36.6 * ]. Travelled, across all types of passenger vehicles, etc time and frequency may partly explain the difference the...
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