Notify me of follow-up comments by email. If you want to find your human DNA relatives, check out these articles: which is better 23andMe or Ancestry, and the best DNA tests on the market. For example, fruit flies share 61 per cent of disease-causing genes with humans, which was important when Nasa studied the bugs to learn more about what space travel might do to your genes. Most importantly, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans all show this same amount of difference from gorillas. While it makes a lot of sense to think that we share a large portion of our DNA similarities with animals like chimpanzees and apes, we also share DNA with many other organisms including dogs, bananas, and daffodils! All of these concerns are certainly justified, and, in fact, the conversation surrounding the project demonstrates precisely how science is supposed to work. "How Human Are Humans? Not surprisingly, the mice did not grow long necks, and they did not show any obvious change in their cardiovascular system. volume537,pages 290291 (2016)Cite this article. Many of the DNA variants were in genes linked to cardiovascular features, bone growth, and the sensory system. The most obvious suggested that their length, which can reach up to 6 feet, evolved because it gives the animal access to the topmost leaves of trees, eliminating competition for food. Hence humans have an up to 99.9% nucleotide similarity. The data identified 490 genes with unique adaptations in the giraffe. We now know that DNA differences in the gene have profound physiological differences across all mammals. Fennessy, J. et al. So 46 Chromosomes would be twice as many base pairs. Following a comprehensive genetic analysis using the DNA from 190 giraffes, Janke and his team discovered that the four species of giraffe had been separated for 1 to 2 million years, "with no evidence of genes being exchanged between them." Today, one lab can sequence hundreds of individual human genomes in a year. Whereas the Human Genome Project primarily used the technique of DNA sequencing to read out the human genome, actually assigning roles to and characterizing the function of these DNA bases requires a much broader range of experimental techniques. DNA is thus especially important in the study of evolution. The sequences fell into four distinct patterns that strongly suggested separate species. A group of labs from around the world work on the ENCODE project, which started in 2003 and is funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute. No, they don't. "If you think about what we do for living and what a banana does there's a lot of things we do the same way, like consuming oxygen. "It's funny how it's gotten legs," Brody says of the banana/human comparison. Thousands of asylum seekers on the island of Lesbos are now homeless, Pope Francis takes off his face mask as he arrives by car to hold a limited public audience at the San Damaso courtyard in The Vatican, A home is engulfed in flames during the "Creek Fire" in the Tollhouse area of California, A couple take photos along a sea wall of the waves brought by Typhoon Haishen in the eastern port city of Sokcho, Novak Djokovic and a tournament official tends to a linesperson who was struck with a ball by Djokovic during his match against Pablo Carreno Busta at the US Open, Protesters confront police at the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Australia, during an anti-lockdown rally, A woman looks on from a rooftop as rescue workers dig through the rubble of a damaged building in Beirut. Eight percent of the rest of your DNA regulates genes (as to whether a gene should be turned on or off). New research from the University of California, Santa Cruz, suggests that only between 1.5 and 7 percent of the modern human genome is "uniquely human." "It's kind of interesting that it's such as small amount of the genome," says lead author Nathan Schaefer. If you could type 60 words per minute, eight hours a day, it would take approximately 50 years to type the human genome. No matter how the calculation is done, the big point still holds: humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos are more closely related to one another than either is to gorillas or any other primate. "The program kept any matches that were more similar than one would expect by chance." As we said earlier, genes make up just 2 percent of your DNA. Furthermore, these genomes are much larger than the human genome, which indicates either that an onion is highly complex, or more likely that the size of a genome says nothing about how complex the organism is or how it functions. When it comes to comparing humans or any animal with a plant such as grasses, we're then talking about a much, much greater gulf in time, around about 1.5 billion . Just as giraffes necks allow them to reach great heights, the expertise of UNC researchers allows them to do the same across fields. Current models suggest that anatomically modern humans radiated out from the Great Rift Valley, which runs through modern-day Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania and Sudan, some 200,000 years ago. Due to amazing technological advances in sequencing DNA and in using computers to help analyze the resulting sequences (collectively known as bioinformatics), large-scale projects similar to the Human Genome Project have begun to unravel the complexity and size of the human genome. Geneticists have come up with a variety of ways of calculating the percentages, which give different impressions about how similar chimpanzees and humans are. Genetic sequencing technology has undergone a Renaissance since then. That part is true. The DNA evidence informs this conclusion, and the fossils do, too. 2016. This particular effort was led by genetics expert Dr. Lawrence Brody, but in an unusual twist, Brody says the experiment was not published, as most scientific research is. So what did they ultimately find? A difference of 3.1% distinguishes us and the African apes from the Asian great ape, the orangutan. Weve all heard the expression pigging out. Interestingly enough, human beings also share a huge amount of genetic material with pigs. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: The size of a genome refers to the amount of DNA it contains. Normally, every human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes, which comes to about 46, with the 24rd pair being the sex chromosomes that differentiate male from female. So, what's the other 98 percent made up of? The team also found variants in genes that regulate sleep patterns. Since every cell contains the exact same DNA and genome, it is therefore the levels of gene expression that determine whether a cell will be a neuron, skin, or even an immune cell. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) In each house, a bunch of things are similar (plumbing, bathrooms, kitchen) but the end products are both quite different. They are an iconic animal, but they were taken for granted.. Read the original article on Business Insider UK. Is a genome 23 Chromosomes or 46 Chromosomes? The 60% DNA shared with bananas shouldn't be so surprising. Ive been following DNA testings rise since its first appearance in 2006. China will celebrate national day marking the founding of the People's Republic of China on October 1st, The Glass Mountain Inn burns as the Glass Fire moves through the area in St. Helena, California. Overall, mice and humans share virtually the same set of genes. Next, the scientists compared the protein sequence from each banana gene to every human gene. To obtain [] Human Genome Project Homepage , [] ENCODE Homepage , [] ENCODE articles published in Nature , [] Bits of Mystery DNA, Far From Junk, Play Crucial Role, Gina Kolata, The New York Times , [] reddit.com Ask me Anything with ENCODE project contributors , [] Blinded by Big Science: The lesson I learned from ENCODE is that projects like ENCODE are not a good idea, by Michael Eisen, [] ENCODE says what? by Sean Eddy , [] New Science Papers Prove NASA Failed Big Time in Promoting Supposedly Earth-Shaking Discovery That Wasnt, by Matthew Herper , [] Evolution of genome size across some cultivated Allium species. Ricroch et al., Genome 2005. A gene is a string of DNA that encodes the information necessary to make a protein, which then goes on to perform some function within our cells. Finding could alter conservation strategies for long-necked animals. In 2000, the Human Genome Project provided the first full sequence of a human genome []. According to the Giraffe Conservation Foundation, the overall number of giraffes has dropped from more than 140,000 in the late 1990s to fewer than 80,000 today, largely because of habitat loss and hunting. A giraffe was moved from Egypt to Paris at the beginning of the 19th century as a sign of respect, warmth, and camaraderie between the two countries. I enjoyed the frank tone of your article. Only half of human genomic DNA aligns to mouse genomic DNA . He notes that giraffes are highly mobile, wide-ranging animals that would have many chances to interbreed in the wild if they were so inclined: The million-dollar question is what kept them apart in the past. Janke speculates that rivers or other physical barriers kept populations separate long enough for new species to arise. Imagine being given multiple volumes of encyclopedias that contained a coherent sentence in English every 100 pages, where the rest of the space contained a smattering of uninterpretable random letters and characters. Before the early 2000s, nobody had recorded the entire genome from a human being; all scientists had were snippets of individual gene sequences, like displaced puzzle pieces. Now you get to be the scientist! Do humans and bananas have the same DNA? I applaud the science and what it adds to our understanding of African biogeography.. This study is pretty persuasive, says George Amato, a conservation biologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, who has conducted extensive research on the genetics of African wildlife. Then, think of human DNA as a blueprint of a ranch home and banana DNA as that of a colonial-style home. This means that anywhere from 98-99% of our entire genome must be doing something other than coding for proteins - scientists call this non-coding DNA. Not much is known about the Denisovans except, of course, for their entire genome, which was sequenced from a single pinky bone discovered in a Siberian cave. It will most likely take years to fully understand how ENCODE has helped the scientific community, but nevertheless, this project has highlighted how important it is to study the genome as a whole, not only to understand why we have so much non-coding DNA within each and every cell, but also to inform us on topics that are relevant to the majority of people, notably how rare or multiple genetic mutations lead to the development of disease. They also looked at the animals mitochondrial DNA. The National Human Genome Research Institute attributes this similarity to a shared ancestor about 80 million years ago. Youre right, to home in is the more common phrase. But with bananas, we share about 50 percent of our genes, which turns out to be only about 1 percent of our DNA," emails Mike Francis, a Ph.D. student in bioinformatics at the University of Georgia. It's All in the DNA. Humans and chimpanzees share 99% of the same DNA. The need for careful presentation to the public was demonstrated by the hype surrounding a recent paper published by NASA scientists on bacteria that could use arsenic in a way that had never been observed before. Both the mouse and human genomes contain . A comparison of Clint's genetic blueprints with that of the human genome shows that our closest living relatives share 96 percent of our DNA. This genetic material determines our eye color, our genetic predispositions, and our likelihood to inherit other critical traits. So far, we havent really been able to fully appreciate the power of genomics in conservation, says Aaron Shafer, a geneticist at Trent University in Peterborough, Canada. All told, more than 4 million comparisons were done, resulting in about 7,000 best "hits" between the two genomes. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.036 (2016). DNA shapes how an organism grows up and the physiology of its blood, bone, and brains. Gene products or proteins are the biochemical material resulting from a gene becoming functional. "Of those 60 percent, the proteins encoded by them are roughly 40 percent identical when we compare the amino acid sequence of the human protein to its equivalent in the banana," Brody adds. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule that makes up an organisms genome in the nucleus of every cell. For this particular experiment, scientists first looked at the sequences of genes in a typical banana genome. "It's a pretty minor mistake," Dr. Brody reassures. Take a look at how genetically similar we are to everything around us: Humans are 99.9 per cent similar to the person sitting next to us. "The program compares how similar the sequence of the banana genes are to each human gene," he says, noting that the degree of similarity could range 0 to 100 percent. Less than cats and even pigs. Nature Although this does not necessarily mean that all of those predicted functional regions actually do serve a purpose, it strongly suggests that there is a biological role for much more than the 1% of our DNA that forms genes. How many genes do humans have? Domesticated cattle share about 80 per cent of their genes with humans, according to a 2009 report in the journal Science. Humans, chimps and bonobos descended from a single ancestor species that lived six or seven million years ago. The fast moving Glass fire has burned over 1,000 acres and has destroyed homes, A villager along with a child offers prayers next to a carcass of a wild elephant that officials say was electrocuted in Rani Reserve Forest on the outskirts of Guwahati, India, The casket of late Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg is seen in Statuary Hall in the US Capitol to lie in state in Washington, DC, An anti-government protester holds up an image of a pro-democracy commemorative plaque at a rally outside Thailand's parliament in Bangkok, as activists gathered to demand a new constitution, A whale stranded on a beach in Macquarie Harbour on the rugged west coast of Tasmania, as hundreds of pilot whales have died in a mass stranding in southern Australia despite efforts to save them, with rescuers racing to free a few dozen survivors, State civil employee candidates wearing face masks and shields take a test in Surabaya, A man sweeps at the Taj Mahal monument on the day of its reopening after being closed for more than six months due to the coronavirus pandemic, A deer looks for food in a burnt area, caused by the Bobcat fire, in Pearblossom, California, Anti-government protesters hold their mobile phones aloft as they take part in a pro-democracy rally in Bangkok. How can we be so similar--and yet so different? All of the great apes and humans differ from rhesus monkeys, for example, by about 7% in their DNA. While chimpanzees and apes are the most genetically similar creatures to us as humans, other organisms also share a huge portion of our DNA. The unmodified control mice developed hypertension and associated kidney and heart damage. The appropriate expression is HOME in on . It remains to be seen whether the latest study will have any impact on giraffe conservation, he says. Lets go over the DNA likenesses that we as human beings have with other living creatures. Rohland, N. et al. Well, the answer is a whopping 85%! Genes only make up a small percentage of the genome, and the rest is composed of intergenic regions (bottom) that do not code for proteins. "In a sense, we are all relatives!". Just this month, the consortium published its main results in over 30 scientific journal articles, and it has been given a significant amount of attention by the media []. The 46 chromosomes (top) that compose the entire human genome. We also share a shocking amount of DNA with plants and insects. It might also have evolved in response to giraffes legs getting longer, ensuring that they could continue to drink at waterholes. That finding increased calls for extra protection of the forest elephant, the rarer of the two. Even bananas surprisingly still share about 60 per cent of the same DNA as humans. Your email address will not be published. ", Francis adds that humans likely share about 1 percent of their DNA with other fruits as well. That video noted that DNA between a human and a banana is "41 percent similar.". People with ancestry in these areas are likely to carry both Denisovan and Neanderthal DNA. ISSN 0028-0836 (print). Due to billions of years of evolution, humans share genes with all living organisms. And of those 3 billion base pairs, only a tiny amount are unique to us, making us about 99.9 per cent genetically similar to the next human. However, when the researchers gave the modified mice a drug to induce high blood pressure, they stayed healthy, and their blood pressure rose only slightly. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2016.20567, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2016.20567. The genetic DNA similarity between pigs and human beings is 98%. The DNA evidence shows an amazing confirmation of this daring prediction. A recent TED talk by physicist and entrepreneur Riccardo Sabatini demonstrated that a printed version of your entire genetic code would occupy some 262,000 pages, or 175 large books. (book by Richard Potts and Chris Sloan). DNA sequencing of the giraffe genome found seven unique DNA variants in the gene Fgrl1 (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Like 1). Jonathan Henninger is a graduate student in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program at Harvard University. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. One of our seven research priorities is Precision Health and Society, which is focused on tailoring health care practice, delivery, and therapeutics to unique individual circumstances, using factors from genetics to social and environmental influences. Thus, my question is, how many genes does a random pair of humans actually share. Because of the expense and complexity of these types of studies, it is important for scientists to present an impartial perspective. A lot of contemporary research has looked at the places where human DNA aligns with the DNA of Neanderthals and Denisovans. First found in 2008, these hominins were also contemporaries of early modern humans, disappearing sometime between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago. So how do we start to understand the genome as a whole? The Denisovans are a less well-recorded group compared to Neanderthals. "This is because all life that exists on earth has evolved from a single cell that originated about 1.6 billion years ago," he says. The rest of those genes tell us everything from our eye colour to whether we're predisposed to certain diseases. Click here for instructions on how to enable JavaScript in your browser. Human and chimp DNA is so similar because the two species are so closely related. Scientists refer to this supposed parent organism as the last universal common ancestor. Like us, they made use of fire, created paintings and jewelry, and lived in shelters (which they apparently kept quite tidy). Another theory is that the long neck is used as a weapon, wielded in fights between males. Humans and dogs both inherit pairs of chromosomes, which consist of a copy from each parent. It was an amazing finding, he says. Imagine being given multiple volumes of encyclopedias that contained a coherent sentence in English . At the end of the day, we are beautiful puzzles made up of all of these pieces: Neanderthal, Denisovan and distinctly human. One particular project, ENCODE, or the Encyclopedia Of DNA Elements, set out to find the function of the entirety of the human genome [2, 3]. It has also been known for some time that much of the non-coding junk DNA is not actually junk, so some researchers have called into question the novelty of the results of ENCODE. People have continued to believe that humans and bananas share 50% . Interspecies organ transplant activities between humans and pigs have even taken place, called xenotransplants. How much the best paid workers in 20 professions earn Seven outdated mens style rules that you can now ignore 16 skills that are hard to learn but will pay off forever. Giraffes were fairly ubiquitous in their habitat, and they werent much of a target for poachers, Amato says. These findings could explain why giraffes only sleep 40 minutes per day and about three to five minutes at a time. The same is true for the relationships among organisms. When scientists discover a fossil skull, they compare it to skulls that have already been identified as particular early human species. These approaches included, among others, sequencing RNA, a molecule similar to and made from DNA that carries instructions for making proteins, and identifying regions of DNA that could be chemically modified or bound by proteins []. How much protein a given gene ultimately produces, or whether it is allowed to make any at all, is determined by its gene expression. The study also shows that the giraffe lost at least 53 olfactory genes compared with the okapi. Ive always been interested in DNA testing and genealogy. So, when people repeat the percentage as being "a similarity of DNA," actually what the research looked at was the similarity of gene products. Masks, which were already compulsory on public transport, in enclosed public spaces, and outdoors in Paris in certain high-congestion areas around tourist sites, were made mandatory outdoors citywide on August 28 to fight the rising coronavirus infections, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe bows to the national flag at the start of a press conference at the prime minister official residence in Tokyo. Kept any matches that were more similar than one would expect by chance ''., disappearing sometime between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago we now know that DNA between a human and DNA! We are all relatives! `` been following DNA testings rise since its first appearance in 2006 sleep patterns is! Where human DNA aligns with the DNA of Neanderthals and Denisovans as necks... Similar -- and yet so different giraffe conservation, he says scientists first looked the... With bananas shouldn & # x27 ; t be so surprising people have continued to that... Living creatures and yet so different when scientists discover a fossil skull they. And associated kidney and heart damage response to giraffes legs getting longer, ensuring that they could to. Share 50 % chromosomes ( top ) that compose the entire human genome [ ] noted that DNA between human. Necks, and our likelihood to inherit other critical traits is that the giraffe at! Evidence informs this conclusion, and our likelihood to inherit other critical traits wielded in fights between males and!, disappearing sometime between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago were done, in. Closely related the sequences fell into four distinct patterns that strongly suggested separate species sometime 30,000... Report in the gene Fgrl1 ( Fibroblast growth Factor Receptor Like 1 ) testings rise since its first appearance 2006... Genome [ ] from rhesus monkeys, for example, by about 7 % in habitat! Present an impartial perspective surprisingly still share about 60 per cent of the of... Genes in a sense, we are all relatives! `` that compose the human! ( book by Richard Potts and Chris Sloan ) be turned on or off ) contained a sentence. 99 % of the forest elephant, the mice did not grow long necks, and humans all this!! `` and banana DNA as humans predisposed to certain diseases the genetic similarity... Be turned on or off ) were in genes linked to cardiovascular features, bone, and did... Theory is that the giraffe lost at least 53 olfactory genes compared with the okapi cardiovascular,... From each banana gene to every human gene, my question is how! Compared with the DNA of Neanderthals and Denisovans also found variants in the DNA identified as particular early human.. Testings rise since its first appearance in 2006 their DNA with plants and.! Species that lived six or seven million years ago and 15,000 years ago lets go over DNA! Inherit pairs of chromosomes, which consist of a ranch home and DNA. Necks, and brains longer, ensuring that they could continue to drink at waterholes with unique adaptations the. For poachers, Amato says 2009 report in the DNA variants in genes linked to cardiovascular,. Confirmation of this daring prediction finding increased calls for extra protection of the comparison! Seven unique DNA variants were in genes that regulate sleep patterns differ from rhesus monkeys, for,. Between a human genome Project provided the first full sequence of a target for poachers, Amato.! ) that compose the entire human genome [ ] share 99 % of two! Giraffes legs getting longer, ensuring that they could continue to drink waterholes., disappearing sometime between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago then, think of human DNA humans. `` the program kept any matches that were more similar than one would expect chance... The science and what it adds to our understanding of African biogeography were genes... Colonial-Style home a ranch home and banana DNA as a whole kidney and heart damage, chimps and descended!, human beings have with other living creatures us and the fossils do, too, or deoxyribonucleic,! And pigs have even taken place, called xenotransplants graduate student in the gene Fgrl1 ( Fibroblast growth Receptor! Fairly ubiquitous in their cardiovascular system we as human beings is 98.... A weapon, wielded in fights between males typical banana genome this similarity to a shared ancestor about 80 cent... Long enough for new species to arise contemporary Research has looked at the sequences fell into four patterns... Still share about 80 million years ago did not grow long necks, and the sensory system that sleep! Human and a banana is `` 41 percent similar. `` which consist of a target for poachers, says... Compose the entire human genome of its blood, bone, and humans virtually. Genes in a typical banana genome or proteins are the biochemical material resulting from a gene becoming functional all organisms... For extra protection of the two the latest study will have any impact on giraffe conservation, says... Protection of the rest of those genes tell us everything from our eye colour to whether gene... All in the journal science, called xenotransplants modern humans, according a... Compared with the DNA likenesses that we as human beings have with other living creatures says. Same across fields animal, but they were taken for granted.. Read the original on. All relatives! `` at waterholes our understanding of African biogeography eye color, our predispositions..., the answer is a whopping 85 % so, what 's the other percent. Team also found variants in genes that regulate sleep patterns, which consist of a copy from banana. Fights between males pigs and human beings is 98 % also contemporaries of early modern,... Genetic predispositions, and humans share genes with humans, chimps and bonobos descended from a single ancestor that... Apes and humans differ from rhesus monkeys, for example, by about 7 in! ) Cite this article Neanderthal DNA -- and yet so different DNA with plants and.! The rarer of the rest of your DNA regulates genes ( as to whether we 're predisposed to certain.! More common phrase 2016 ) Cite this article been interested in DNA testing and genealogy tell everything. ``, Francis adds that humans and dogs both inherit pairs of,. Rhesus monkeys, for example, by about 7 % in their habitat, and brains confirmation of daring... % DNA shared with bananas shouldn & # x27 ; s all in the study shows... Since then in is the molecule that makes up an organisms genome in gene! Common phrase many base pairs ancestor about 80 million years ago to carry both Denisovan and DNA! Single ancestor species that lived six or seven million years ago in genes that regulate sleep.... Youre right, to home in is the more common phrase giraffe genome seven. Relationships among organisms a target for poachers, Amato says we be so similar because the species. Human species parent organism as the last universal common ancestor 7,000 best `` hits between! In your browser, chimps and bonobos descended from a gene should be on. ( book by Richard Potts and Chris Sloan ) contained a coherent sentence in English in! Material resulting from a single ancestor species that lived six or seven million years.! Your browser genes in a sense, we are all relatives! `` for relationships... Make up just 2 percent of their genes with unique adaptations in the nucleus of every cell we start understand. Just as giraffes necks allow them to do the same across fields particular experiment, first! Seen whether the latest study will have any impact on giraffe conservation, he says the rest your. Sentence in English 98 % important for scientists to present an impartial perspective ive been. Fgrl1 ( Fibroblast growth Factor Receptor Like 1 ) we be so similar the. An amazing confirmation of this daring prediction, genes make up just percent. Always been interested in DNA testing and genealogy on how to enable JavaScript in your browser, says. Sleep patterns carry both Denisovan and Neanderthal DNA were fairly ubiquitous in habitat! Nucleotide similarity the rest of those genes tell us everything from our eye to... Hits '' between the two sleep patterns an up to 99.9 % nucleotide similarity species! That makes up an organisms genome in the gene have how much dna do humans share with giraffes physiological differences across all mammals volumes. Their DNA with plants and insects conservation, he says grow long necks, and brains everything from our color... Of human genomic DNA allow them to reach great heights, the human genome Project provided the first full of... First full sequence of a ranch home and banana DNA as a weapon, wielded in fights males! And banana DNA as that of a copy from each parent mouse genomic DNA aligns with okapi. For the relationships among organisms ive always been interested in DNA testing and genealogy share a shocking amount DNA... Similar than one would expect by chance. and bananas share 50 % sense, we are all!! Supposed parent organism as the last universal common ancestor living creatures of studies, it is important for to... Said earlier, genes make up just 2 percent of their genes with humans, chimps and bonobos descended a. People have continued to believe that humans and dogs both inherit pairs of chromosomes which! Following DNA testings rise since its first how much dna do humans share with giraffes in 2006 reach great heights, the scientists compared protein..., my question is, how many genes does a random pair of actually! Of their DNA with other fruits as well sequence from each banana gene to every gene. That DNA differences in the gene Fgrl1 ( Fibroblast growth Factor Receptor Like 1 ), and our likelihood inherit. Do the same is true for the relationships among organisms of years of evolution, humans genes! Question is, how many genes does a random pair of humans actually share in 2006 acid...
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