Children get physical and psychological characteristics from their parents which becomes a part of their personalities. You then go to the equipment and do the same exact thing! Prenatal toxin exposure appears to be relevant when examining diethylstilbestrol (DES), specifically. What are two cognitive explanations of gender development? Human behavior is complex, being influenced by the fact that we are flesh and blood (biological influences) and our social relationships with other people. Martin, Eisenbud, and Rose (1995) conducted a study in which they had groups of boy toys, girl toys, and neutral toys. This idea forms the basis for the two cognitive explanations of gender development we will explore in this section. As our brains physically develop, our cognitive abilities also mature, meaning we are capable of more complex thought. Full-text available. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Girls may also be oriented towards relationships and their appearance rather than careers and academic goals, if they are very closely identifying with traditional gender roles. For example, chromosomes (female XX, male XY), reproductive organs (ovaries, testes), hormones (oestrogen, testosterone). This theory also accounts for the entire lifespan when considering development, which is drastically different than earlier theories, such as psychodynamic theories, which focused on childhood and adolescence. Peers or adults directly instructing another person on what a girl or boy is or is not to do is a very influential socializing factor. They also used this reasoning to predict what other children would like. In the Phallic stage, the penis (or absence thereof) is the focus of the libido, and thus, will be the focus of the conflict that must be resolved in that stage. Cognitive approaches use techniques such as computer models and introspective studies to investigate how our thoughts influence us. In fact, she went as far as to counter Freuds penis envy with womb envy (a man envying a womans ability to have children). We do not really give infants a chance to develop their own preferences parents and the caregivers in their life do that for them, immediately. The internal conflict was often considered to occur in the subconscious, meaning an individual did not realize events had occurred and were impacting their current functioning. This is because we do not just model behavior, we also monitor how others react to our behaviors. Socially and culturally, clothing is symbolized identity for everyone. Theoretically as well as empirically, the approaches and results are quite contradictory. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. Lets answer some of those questions. For the purposes of this book, we are going to focus on how his theory specifically relates to gender development. Clarify cognitive theories of psychology and how they apply to gender. describe what cognitive approaches are in psychology. Social relationships, including the gender of friends, and the people they decide to imitate. Well, really, it is due to the areas of the brain that are impacted. Additionally . If they learn new information that does not align with what they already know, they will adjust their schema so they are aligned. Post an explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis.Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one's perspective on the value of psychotherapy treatments. It should be noted that the amount of rigidity to gender norms of the behavior being modeled is also important (Perry & Bussey, 1979). She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. This construction of in-group and out-group also leads children to view the out-group as negative and avoid behaviours associated with that group. Freud and other psychoanalysts believed this was the only way to resolve the internal conflict in the subconscious, and to then alleviate the physical and psychological maladjustment that was presenting in the individual. Biological sex: genetialia and genes (XX or XY); gender that a person is assigned based on biological traits at birth; male or female biological traits Gender: physical, social, and behavioral characteristics tied to being male or female Gender identity: the gender a person identifies as; male, female, nonbinary 2. For example, they may talk to daughters more about emotions and have more empathic conversations, whereas they may have more knowledge and science-based conversations with boys (Bussey, 2014). Fig. Unlike Social Learning theory that is based on external rewards and punishments, Cognitive Learning theory states that children develop gender at their own levels. Because most children desire to belong, they begin to identify with their gendered group, view it positively, and seek information about behaving more like members of their group. This theory has become increasingly prominent since the 1990s 1 and can be applied in educational settings as well as in socialization and play. (1984). Testosterone levels have been linked to sex-typed toy play and activity levels in young children. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. they learn the idea that gender is relatively constant that does not change based on superficial factors such as clothing. The same thing can happen with gender modeling applies to gender socialization. Both describe how specific cognitive skills and thought processes can affect how our gender identity develops. When was the gender schema theory developed? Kohlberg theorised that as children develop cognitive skills, their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. The population that I am targeting is infancy through adolescents. We are then changing the environment that defined what behaviors/assets were necessary to survive. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. They are a cheat sheet that makes things easier and quicker, essentially. Manner and style of behavior and physical gestures and other nonverbal actions identified as masculine or feminine. She theorized that men tried to compensate for their inability to carry a child by succeeding in other areas of life (Psychodynamic and neo-Freudian theories, n.d.). gender roles) through observation and imitation and reward and punishment. Create and find flashcards in record time. View PSY_Gender from PSYCH MISC at Central Piedmont Community College. Gender schema theory, although largely a cognitive theory, does incorporate some elements of social learning as well. A child's interests and behavior is influenced by the parent or the authority . Ultimately, to really develop fully, one must have a penis according to Freuds theory. All of these societal factors intersect and interact to influence a child's development, so much so that a child from a middle-class white family has many more opportunities than a child from a lower-income family of color. The reason it was finally taken off the market was because females were showing higher rates of cancer. Nutrients and micronutrients are vital for proper brain function. Heck, you do not even have to read the question options. True or false? What do out-groups suggest about others not in the in-group? Shortly after birth, boys experience an increase in testosterone, whereas girls experience an increase in estrogen. What we have learned is that, truthfully, things are complicated and other hormones and chemicals are at play. For example, boys are encouraged to play outside (cars, sports, balls) and build (Legos, blocks), etc. The biological approach towards gender development suggests that there is no distinction between sex and gender. This is important, because we know that the more children watch TV, the more gender stereotypical beliefs they hold (Durkin & Nugent, 1998; Kimball 1986). Observation is one of our most important survival skills as humansChildrenen watch and observes those around us from a very young age m and, eventually, try to mimic them. Cognitive approaches focus on our thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena. Others incorporate modeling into their theory with some caveats. DES was prescribed to pregnant women in late 1940s through the early 1970s. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. In other words, gender identity takes place in our minds and is not biologically determined or strictly behavioural. We begin to see boys and girls segregate in their play, based on gender, in very early years. These labels allow children to form in-groups and out-groups, in this case, boys and girls. It is thought that gender, from a biological theory begins in the fetal stage. (Servin, Bhlin, & Berlin, 1999). So how do peers socialize gender? Their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. Moreover, when considering print media, we know that there tends to be a focus on appearance, body image, and relationships for teenage girls, whereas print media tends to focus on occupations and hobbies for boys. However, if they are not, and experience an unsafe environment, or lack of love and caring, they will experience maladaptive development which will result in anxiety (Harris, 2016). So, what does this have to do with Freuds stages and theory? According to biological theories, psychological and behavioral gender differences are. Excellent question. Psychologists have identified several theories of gender development that can help answer this question. Its 100% free. Moreover, parents tend to reinforce independence in boys, but dependence in girls. Although this may seem logical at the surface level, it does not account for what we see in more egalitarian homes and cultures. Sociocultural theory is an emerging field of psychology that looks at the contributions of society to individual development. A weakness of this theory is that it is descriptive rather than explanatory. Give two examples of cognitive theories of gender. The complex is described as unconscious tension in which a young boy is preoccupied with his mother and hates his father, viewing him as a rival. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. Schemas are abstract cognitive structures, like a mental toolbox containing information about various things. The learning Theory states that "Traits and behaviors are not inborn- we learn them." (122) This means that we aren't born we knowing what traits and behaviors are for each gender, we learn them through our environment. Horney developed a Neo-Freudian theory of personality development that recognized some points of Freuds theory as acceptable, but also criticized his theory as being overly biased toward the male. This approach is based on cases where there is a discrepancy between biological sex and gender identity. Although Kohlberg indicated that modeling was important and relevant, he posited that it was only relevant once gender constancy is achieved. The next step is learning that there are shared qualities and behaviors for each gender (Bussey, 2014). It was theorized that ones psyche is impacted significantly by major and minor events, even in infancy. Freud refers to this as penis envy. Social cognitive theories of gender development explain and theorize that development is dually influenced by (1) biology and (2) the environment. Prior to birth, a mother's diet and health play a key role. 2 Genderfluidity is a concept that is becoming known in today's society. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. A schema is our mental representation of a particular concept, an information package. In terms of gender, Martin and Halverston suggested children develop their gender identity by creating schemas about different genders and determining their in-group and out-group based on this. To resolve this tension, the boy takes on the masculine characteristics of his father. While there was significant research done on females, less research was done on males. Psychopathology is defined as the study of mental illness. For example, people with a genetic condition known as Klinefelter's syndrome have the chromosomal pattern XXY, which results in different physical characteristics than typical males with an XY chromosome. One of the negative side-effects is that it mutates DNA and alters its expression. At what age do Martin and Halverson state children begin to develop a schema regarding their gender? (2015) suggested using a Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Biological Psychological And Social Factors This book looks at causative reasons behind creative acts and stylistic expressions. Give examples that support your conclusion. The GFP model serves as a guiding framework for research on gender in the family context, calling for the integration of biological, social, and cognitive factors. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. The second approach is socialization, whereby one theory will be examined: social learning theory. This phenomenon is called the social learning theory. Research has also revealed that prosocial behaviors are encouraged more in girls, than boys (Garcia & Guzman, 2017). Even video games have gender stereotyped focuses. a child may develop a schema about dogs, that contains the knowledge that dogs are furry creatures with four legs. the fact that cognitive, social, and biological forces all interplay to influence gender development illustrates which theme from the text. In that case, we must base our theories on the assumption that gender identity is a cognitive concept. You may remember learning about psychoanalytic theory in your Introduction to Psychology class. However, in adolescence, they become more rigid again. They recognise how important of a role gender plays in society. Teachers also tend to praise boys and girls for different behaviors. Will you pass the quiz? He viewed this stage as the time in which boys become men. Define and describe gender schema theory. Give examples that support your conclusion. If they are provided such, they will develop appropriately. Show abstract. Further, given that this came down to survival of the fittest it made sense to divvy up tasks and important behaviors. Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. Did you know that infants can differentiate between male and female faces and voices in their first year of life (typically between 6-12 months of age; Fagan, 1976; Miller, 1983)? Socially sensitive: A potential negative consequence of biological explanations of gender development is that it could reinforce harmful stereotypes. They are more likely to avoid STEM-focused classes, whereas boys seek out STEM classes (more frequently than girls). labels) when they first encountered them. However, they described the baby as angry or irritable when told the infant was a boy. 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