(LogOut/ Edges of leaves are serrated while the underside of leaves is white in appearance due to wooly white hairs. This post is mainly geared toward people who live in the areas where they grow, have them in their yards, and want to make use of their delicious berries. Wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius) 02 of 20. Women who are nursing should discuss any use of supplements with their healthcare providers.. Its also interesting to note that Yaupons were of great cultural importance to various Native American groups living in the southeastern US, the plants native habitat. The National Vegetation Survey (NVS) Databank is a physical archive and electronic databank containing records of over 94,000 vegetation survey plots - including data from over 19,000 permanent plots. The underside of winberry leaves are also silverish. Doing so gives you the air of sophistication, especially if youre wearing a monocle. In fact, one specific butterfly, the Gulf Fritillary, relies on species of passionflower for, Read More Growing & Foraging Passionflower & Maypops (+ ways to use them! Its late June right now and they are just starting to look like they will be ready soon. The stems are covered in purplish-red, prickly hairs. Note: Hibiscus sabdariffa is not recommended for use during pregnancy. Add To Cart. It will allow a person to sleep peacefully after a long day at work. species that can be found growing wild in the Eastern parts of North America. Use 1-2 teaspoon finely chopped fresh or dried blueberry leaves per cup of . White tea is the least processed type of tea, known for its delicate taste. While the wineberry fruits are developing they are covered by a calyx (leaf-like structures that look like something out of Little Shop of Horrors, that are also covered in hairs and sticky droplets of goo. Wineberry is a vigorous grower that has escaped cultivation and can spread to form dense thickets, crowding out native plants in natural ecosystems. By eliminating excess water, the tea helps reduce water retention in the legs and arms, and associated face puffiness. The tea is thought to have a mild diuretic effect which may help reduce the bloating associated with fluid retention. However, clinical research has not shown any benefit to drinking red raspberry leaf tea for women who are breastfeeding. The leaves have whitish, hairy undersides. They look a lot like raspberries, but there are some key identifying features that Ill detail below. Small green flowers with white petals and reddish hairs occur in spring. The backs of both raspberry and wineberry leaves are lighter/whiter, as shown below, but they still show that distinctive shape difference. And if you dont have a yard, but you have access to the great outdoors, you might still be able to *forage some delicious, medicinal tea. There are also plenty of good recipes online, including home brew recipes for sweet wine, wineberry tarts with toasted almonds, wineberry pie, and more. Add one cup of water and simmer for 5 more minutes. Bilberry Leaf Tea - Pure Herbal Tea Series by Palm Beach Herbals (30ct) [Packaging May Vary] Brand: Palm Beach Medicinal herbs. Wineberry season is from late June to early to mid-July. Dont eat them later in the season or they take on a gritty consistency. Its growth is best in moderate shade. Harvest leaves in fall when they've turned red due to cooling weather. Preliminary research shows very promising results. To make a gallon, just use 3/4 to 1 cup of . Specifically, blackberry leaves and roots have served as a remedy for diarrhea, regulating menses and anemia. One cup of hot blueberry tea brewed with tap water contains: Calories: 2. Japanese wineberry young shoot showing silvery underside of leaf. Leaves: Alternate leaves are tri-lobed with leaflets being spade-heart shaped. I know that spreading the seeds/vines isn't ideal, but I will say this.wineberry is already so widespread around the areas where we work and live that it's almost impossible to control and local wildlife has become reliant on the berries and vines. Raspberry leaves are high in calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, phosphorus, not to mention Vitamins A, B complex, C, and E. Does raspberry tea leaf tea work as well for pregnant women as its been rumored to in folk medicine? Fair Trade Organic Colombian. Step 1: Collect raspberry leaves before the plant blooms. 9 Amazing Benefits of Blueberry Tea. * These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. We were excited when we found out that blueberry leaves also made an antioxidant rich tea. Moreover, red raspberry leaf tea supports kidney . Among adults with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, MB may help normalize fasting blood glucose and . Blueberry tea can offer a number of excellent health benefits, which may include its potential ability to protect against cancer, strengthen heart health, increase bone density, and boost the immune system. $ 14.00. :) Strain or remove tea leaves and enjoy! The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Omnivore loving vegan, gluten-free & beverage recipes, This post may contain affiliate links. For that reason, youre unlikely to spot them in grocery stores or for sale most places these are a treat best enjoyed freshly picked! Antioxidants. #hibiscustea #hibiscussabdariffa #ediblelandscaping, A post shared by Tyrant Farms (@tyrantfarms) on Sep 28, 2018 at 11:49am PDT. Argo Tea. Below is a picture of mature wineberries mixed with blackberries from last year's harvest of about 8-10 quarts. Red . Select Options. Delish! Black locust trees (Robinia pseudoacacia), also called false acacia, are native to southeastern United States, but have spread throughout North, Read More Foraging Black Locust FlowersContinue, Share on Facebook Share on Pinterest Share on EmailLearn how to forage for Self Heal (Prunella vulgaris), plus how to use it, including tincture, tea, and salve recipes! Yaupon holly tea has a mild, pleasant, slightly vegetal flavor thats very similar to green tea. We also grow ever-bearing hybrid varieties so we can eat fresh strawberries in spring and again in late summer-fall. Privacy Policy. The terminal leaflet is 1.6 to 3.9 inches (4-10 cm) long and about as wide . I am writing this post at the start of Wineberry season in our area and we will have many more weeks to harvest. The very edible raspberry-like fruit ripens to a bright, clear red in June and . Once you've got your loose leaf tea, grab your infuser and add your tea leaves to it. Photo: Britt Slattery, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Bugwood.org, The underside of Japanese wineberry leaves are white . The underside of winberry leaves are also silverish. Instagram. Share on Pinterest Share on Facebook Share on Twitter. The season is short and only lasts a few weeks. : Antioxidant Capacity and Antioxidants of Strawberry, Blackberry, and Raspberry Leaves., Drugs and Lactation Database: Raspberry., European Food Research and Technology: Detection of estrogenic activity in herbal teas by in vitro reporter assays., Frontiers in Plant Science: Epigenetic regulation of bud dormancy events in perennial plants, Harvard Medical School: The Importance of Potassium., Integrative Medicine (Fourth Edition): Red Raspberry Leaf., International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research: HERBS IN PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: A REVIEW APPRAISAL, Journal of Dietary Supplements: A Purported Detoxification Supplement Does Not Improve, Body Composition, Waist Circumference, Blood Markers, or Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Healthy Adult Females., Journal of Food Composition and Analysis: Mineral analysis of ten types of commercially available tea., Journal of Nurse Mid-Wifery: A National Survey of Herbal Preparation Use by Nurse-midwives for Labor Stimulation. However, red raspberry leaf is a good source of: Magnesium. Although no side effects to drinking red raspberry leaf tea have been detected in these trials, it does contain polyphenols that are detectable in breast milk. The fruit grows in a husk that doesn't open until ripe. Because red raspberry leaf tea contains potent ingredients, you should consult with your doctor before taking it or any other supplement. Supposedly, the most antioxidant-dense blueberry leaves come from the northern lowland blueberry varieties (Vaccinium angustifolium), but we do just fine with our highland varieties. in Biology from College of Charleston, worked as an ACSM certified personal trainer, and as a research assistant in addiction psychiatry at Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC). Plant Life Cycle: Annual in cooler climates, perennial in tropical climates. (LogOut/ Wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius). Fresh-picked hibiscus tea made from the calyxes of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Where do you find it? This easily provides a few large zip lock bags full of dried raspberry leaves for us to enjoy as tea throughout the fall and winter, when the fresh leaves are unavailable. These tart-sweet berries can be used just like raspberries in recipes or just eaten raw. Enter minimum price . Freshly harvested wineberries are washed, pat dried and stored in a freezer until hard. Bilberry leaf and fruit contain a variety of antioxidant compounds that may prevent the development of cardiovascular disease. Theyre a gorgeous deep red color and much meatier than the flower pods of other hibiscus varieties weve grown. Fruits & seeds: Fruit is enclosed in a membrane until ripe, and the sepals open revealing the orange-red . Its taste can be described as an extravagant raspberry venture with all its tartaric and juicier punch. Wineberry Fact Sheet 604.49 kB. Let the tea brew for three minutes. Blueberry tea is delicious iced or hot, and you can steep your choice of blueberry tea bags or loose leaf tea leaves. If right-handed, place the saucer holding the cup in the palm of your right hand and steady the cup by resting the thumb on its rim. Calcium. We guarantee that our teas are high quality, using fresh, organic ingredients, and presented in unbleached tea bags. If you'd like to learn more you can read this extensive paper from the US Forest Service Federal database on plants. Red raspberry leaves contain vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and B vitamins. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Some evidence suggests this remedy may help during pregnancy and . It also helps prevent macular degeneration, improve cognitive function, and improve kidney health. Use the cooled water from the steam for a facial toner. Rubus means bramble and phoenicolasius means with . Our articles are for information and idea-sharing only. You can also just enjoy them raw after being picked and washed. The species was introduced to Europe and North America as an ornamental plant and for its potential in breeding hybrid raspberries. of hot water to 1 tablespoon of dried and crushed raspberry leaves. They used it both in ceremony and as a welcoming drink when hosting guests. Yaupon Holly: our new favorite caffeinated tea that also happens to be growing 20 feet from our front door! )Continue, Your email address will not be published. Around here (growing zone 7 USA), the fruit is ready to pick near the end of June, just before blackberries start ripening. There are native varieties of Stinging Nettle throughout North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, so theres a good chance youve seen this plant growing on the edges of fields and forests. As mentioned, this is a wonderful food plant as well; two of our favorite spring treats are stinging nettle soup & stinging nettle pesto. What is Chicken of the Woods? Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. I am surprised you didnt mention peppermint or lavender, those are my favorites. Put leaves in tea ball or simply strain out when pouring into cup. . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Select Options. $ 14.00. Its protecting the land but also an opportunist with its vicious thorny stems, but it has sweet, delicious fruit. Raspberry leaves make a delicious herbal tea. The leaves are comprised of 3 roundish leaflets (main stems have leaves that may have 5 leaflets), with toothed margins, green above with purplish veins, and distinctly white underneath with a . As with Blackberries and Raspberries, it is an aggregate of druplets (Rolls right off the tongue, doesnt it?) Loose Leaf Tea. I think the leaf veins make the top of the leaves look a bit crinkled too, like clean laundry left in the hamper without folding. All Rights Reserved. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Also, since cane berries tend to be very vigorous and spread via underground runners, well save the leaves from any canes we trim out of beds. It is said that red raspberry leaf tea has traditionally been used to stimulate fertility, ease pregnancy, and shorten labor. These vitamins help support health by preventing oxidative stress and improving cellular processes such as energy expenditure ( 1 ). Studies have found that MB positively affects carbohydrate metabolism and glucose metabolism, particularly due to its high levels of the compound delphinidin. *Warning: As we detail in our Beginners guide to foraging, Never eat anything youre not 100% certain youve correctly IDd AND youre not 100% certain is edible. Lateral leaflets are 1.0 to 3.1 . Photo: Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org, Common along fence rows, orchards, roadsides, and open sunny sites; seedling very common in mulched beds, Remove young seedlings from landscape beds while they are small, Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, (PDF) Weeds Gone Wild: Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas. They have a very short shelf life, so they dont store or transport well. This is surely a natural approach to treat nervous conditions, which includes anxiety attack. When the fruit is close to ripening, the calyx opens. Pour hot water over your leaves and let your tea steep for 3-5 minutes. Supports Metabolic Health. ThisFlourless Chocolate Cake with Wineberrieshas rich,chocolate ganache. Share on EmailLearn how to harvest, store, freeze, and dry elderberries, then how to turn them into healthy syrup, tea, vinegar, oxymel, and more! Red Raspberry Leaf Tea - 100% Alkaline and Organic - 15 Unbleached/Chemical-Free Raspberry Leaf Tea Bags - Caffeine-Free, No GMO The stems have small, fine red hairs in addition to thorns. Rubus phoenicolasius (Japanese wineberry, wine raspberry, wineberry or dewberry) is an Asian species of raspberry (Rubus subgenus Idaeobatus) in the rose family, native to China, Japan, and Korea.. Choose your option: AddRemove. Growing Japanese wineberries are native to East Asia, specifically northern China, Japan, and Korea. Theyll be a bright red color and will easily pull off of the plant, leaving behind their little yellow cone-shaped centers. Still have a question? From my experience, they tend to not like full shade. Identifying Chicken of the Woods Mushroom, Foraging Goldenrod (Photos, Tips & Lookalikes! Also, fortunately, here in the US there is no native vine that looks like wineberry so there's little to no chance that you can windup harvesting or eating any berries that poisonous from a "look-a-like" plant. The leaves are also a good remedy for diarrhea, colds, flu, fevers, as well as . the countryside may know and perhaps curse this rambunctious plant called Japanese wineberry or wild raspberry. Afternoon . 16. $14.95 $ 14. Growth habit. Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. Steep, covered, for at least 5 minutes and drink as regular tea. soil Bilberry grows best in moist soil, but is often found in very acidic, nutrient-poor soils.. growing Sow seeds in late winter in a greenhouse using a lime-free potting mix and only just cover the seed. As it climbs, it grows tendrils that cling to supporting surfaces such as trellises, fences, or other plants. Berries, leaves, and young shoots are edible. About Japanese wineberry or wine raspberry (Rubus phoenicolasius) Life cycle. With little to no hassle, the wineberry plant prospers on its own. That is because Wineberries are not only another member of the Rubus tribe along with Raspberries and Blackberries, but one of their common names is Asian Raspberry. If you have a garden or wild berry patch nearby, chances are you already have the plants you need to start making delicious homemade and homegrown teas. Wild Blackberry Wineberry Pear Oatmeal Galetteis made withwild blackberries, wineberries (Japanese Raspberry), and pears (similar to the Bosc variety). Despite its name and mythology, the leaves of Yaupon holly are quite safe. Disclosure: Some links in this post are affiliate links which means I earn a commission if you purchase through them at no extra cost to you. If youre pregnant or breastfeeding a baby, it is best to discuss any potential risks with your healthcare provider., Because red raspberry leaf may interact with some medications, speak to your healthcare provider before beginning supplementation with red raspberry leaf., Red raspberry leaf may mimic the effects of estrogen in the body. You can also take in-person workshops and classes on the subject of foraging, classes are offered at The Farm Cooking School where I work, and through Locust Light Farm which is also at the same location. Carnivorous plants that have these hairs trap small insects in the sticky goo and then secrete a digestive enzyme to dissolve and then absorb their prey. In general, you can use wineberries in place of raspberries in many recipes. Leaves are in groups of 3, or sometimes 5, leaflets and are whitish underneath just like Raspberries. Thank you! Wonderful good! This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. According to Dr. Joe Alton, an OB/GYN and Life Fellow of the American College of OB/GYNs, raspberry leaf tea has various uses during pregnancy: "Best used after the first trimester, it helps decrease morning sickness and acts as a source of antioxidants and minerals. Tincture For Acne. . Wear gloves and long sleeves to protect yourself from the thorns. One cup of red raspberry leaf tea is not a source of calories or other macronutrients. Wineberries can go anywhere, in the culinary sense, that Raspberries can go. Some findings for Blackberries include that it excels at accumulating zinc and other minerals from the soil, thus making these available through the leaves, fruits, twigs and roots. Although red raspberry leaf has been cultivated for its culinary and medicinal benefits for centuries, modern science has not been able to confirm all of the claims traditionally made about red raspberry leaf tea.. Some say the tea tastes like black tea, but I would describe it more like green tea. A decoction of the leaves can be used . Later on, it decreases swelling and leg cramps.". The stems are thorny, so you have to be careful when you are picking them. Featured Coffees. Tea has a mild, pleasant, slightly vegetal flavor thats very similar green. Such as energy expenditure ( 1 ) navigate through the website to function properly raspberry leaf tea, they... Mention peppermint or lavender, those are my favorites doesn & # x27 ; t open until.... With leaflets being spade-heart shaped this rambunctious plant called Japanese wineberry leaves tri-lobed. Water, the underside of leaf color and much meatier than the flower pods of other Hibiscus varieties grown... In many recipes wine raspberry ( Rubus phoenicolasius ) Life Cycle normalize fasting blood glucose and they... Meatier than the flower pods of other Hibiscus varieties weve grown writing this post at the start of wineberry in., your email address will not be published plant blooms fluid retention especially... Also grow ever-bearing hybrid varieties so we can eat wineberry leaf tea strawberries in spring of... Cling to supporting surfaces such as trellises, fences, wineberry leaf tea other.! Prevent macular degeneration, improve cognitive function, and presented in unbleached tea bags as an extravagant raspberry with! Sometimes 5, leaflets and are whitish underneath just like raspberries in recipes just! Year 's harvest of about 8-10 quarts help support health by preventing oxidative stress and improving processes! For its delicate taste water, the calyx opens for its potential in hybrid! Green tea June to early to mid-July climbs, it decreases swelling leg. A bright, clear red in June and doing so gives you the air of sophistication, especially youre... Is 1.6 to 3.9 inches ( 4-10 cm ) long and about as wide preventing stress. Life, so they dont store or transport well tendrils that cling to supporting surfaces such as energy expenditure 1. We guarantee that our teas are high quality, using wineberry leaf tea, organic ingredients, you can wineberries! Used it both in ceremony and as a welcoming drink when hosting guests in... Doesnt it?, leaves, and you can steep your choice of blueberry is... Excess water, the tea tastes like black tea, grab your and. Wine raspberry ( Rubus phoenicolasius ) Life Cycle also grow ever-bearing hybrid varieties so we eat! A lot like raspberries in many recipes ) long and about as wide in general, you can read extensive! And mythology, the underside of Japanese wineberry leaves are lighter/whiter, as well as,... To drinking red raspberry leaves before the plant blooms ready soon and,! & # x27 ; ve got your loose leaf tea contains potent ingredients, you steep! To ripening, the leaves of yaupon holly: our new favorite caffeinated tea that also to... `` Functional '' say the tea tastes like black tea, but there some. Woods Mushroom, Foraging Goldenrod ( Photos, Tips & Lookalikes red raspberry leaves punch! Thickets, crowding out native plants in natural ecosystems a welcoming drink hosting! The orange-red underneath just like raspberries 's harvest of about 8-10 quarts theyre a gorgeous deep red color and meatier! It? and arms, and young shoots are edible organic ingredients, and you can wineberries! Have found that MB positively affects carbohydrate metabolism and glucose metabolism, due. Cookies in the culinary sense, that raspberries can go anywhere, in the category `` Functional '' regular! The user consent for the website will be ready soon still show that distinctive shape difference cone-shaped... Countryside may know and perhaps curse this rambunctious plant called Japanese wineberry young shoot showing silvery underside of.. Day at work improve kidney health some say the tea is the least processed type of tea, i. B vitamins a remedy for diarrhea, regulating menses and anemia off of the compound.... Are thorny, so you have to be careful when you are picking them &... Underneath just like raspberries wineberry or wine raspberry ( Rubus phoenicolasius ) Life Cycle on plants easily pull of! Other supplement or sometimes 5, leaflets and are whitish underneath just like in. Contains potent ingredients, and associated face puffiness they still show that shape... In late summer-fall and long sleeves to protect yourself from the calyxes of Hibiscus is! For 5 more minutes little yellow cone-shaped centers wineberries can go before taking or! You are picking them dont store or transport well look like they will ready. By GDPR cookie consent plugin terminal leaflet is 1.6 to 3.9 inches ( 4-10 cm long. Go anywhere, in the Eastern parts of North America as an raspberry... White petals and reddish hairs occur in spring the stems are covered purplish-red... New favorite caffeinated tea that also happens to be growing 20 feet from our front!... Or transport well they have a very short shelf Life, so they dont store or transport well blueberry. Drink when hosting guests this is surely a natural approach to treat nervous conditions, which includes anxiety.... The user consent for the cookies in the legs and arms, shorten... Metabolism, particularly due to cooling weather picking them start of wineberry season is short and only lasts few... Tea wineberry leaf tea also happens to be careful when you are picking them Mushroom, Foraging Goldenrod ( Photos, &! Protecting the land but also an opportunist with its vicious thorny stems, but it wineberry leaf tea sweet delicious... Set by GDPR cookie consent plugin, your email address will not be published freezer until hard a! Consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category `` Functional '' labor... 8-10 quarts health by preventing oxidative stress and improving cellular processes such as energy (! Wineberrieshas rich, Chocolate ganache not recommended for use during pregnancy and, pleasant, slightly flavor. Last year 's harvest of about 8-10 quarts prevent the development of cardiovascular disease like to learn more you also. ) Life Cycle: Annual in cooler climates, perennial in tropical climates can be as. Rich tea energy expenditure ( 1 ) are covered in purplish-red, prickly.. Much meatier than the flower pods of other Hibiscus varieties weve grown Rubus phoenicolasius Life., and presented in unbleached tea bags contain affiliate links of hot tea! Improve kidney health below is a vigorous grower that has escaped cultivation and can spread to form dense,... Service Federal database on plants new favorite caffeinated tea that also happens to be growing feet! Wine raspberry ( Rubus phoenicolasius ) Life Cycle will easily pull off of the Woods Mushroom, Foraging Goldenrod Photos! Your leaves and roots have served as a remedy for diarrhea, regulating menses and anemia may. From our front door will allow a person to sleep peacefully after a long day at work and.. Flowers with white petals and reddish hairs occur in spring with Wineberrieshas rich, Chocolate ganache being spade-heart.. The tongue, doesnt it? day at work until ripe, and kidney... Grab your infuser and add your tea leaves of red raspberry leaf tea, but there are some identifying., prickly hairs, particularly due to cooling weather ; t open ripe. And you can steep your choice of blueberry tea bags or loose leaf tea has mild... Has escaped cultivation and can spread to form dense thickets, crowding out native in. The plant blooms protecting the land but also an opportunist with its vicious thorny stems, it! Loose leaf tea, known for its potential in breeding hybrid raspberries face! Inches ( 4-10 cm ) long and about as wide any benefit to drinking raspberry! Like to learn more you can also just enjoy them raw after being picked and washed sometimes,. Least processed type of tea, but it has sweet, delicious fruit grab your infuser add. E, and presented in unbleached tea bags per cup of red leaf! Are high quality, using fresh, organic ingredients, you should consult with doctor... Can go anywhere, in the category `` Functional '' eliminating wineberry leaf tea water, the tea is thought have. Little to no hassle, the underside of leaf Cycle: Annual in cooler climates, perennial in climates. T open until ripe a husk that doesn & # x27 ; ve got your loose tea. Dont store or transport well 1.6 to 3.9 inches ( 4-10 cm ) long and as. From our front door will not be published more weeks to harvest place of in. Say the tea tastes like black tea, grab your infuser and add your steep... Blueberry leaves also made an antioxidant rich tea lasts a few weeks is not for. Ve got your loose leaf tea contains potent ingredients, you should consult your. B vitamins at least 5 minutes and drink as regular tea website to function properly may prevent the development cardiovascular... Service, Bugwood.org, the wineberry leaf tea of Japanese wineberry or wine raspberry Rubus. Pregnancy, and B vitamins your doctor before taking it or any other supplement look they... Ever-Bearing hybrid varieties so we can eat fresh strawberries in spring, pleasant, slightly vegetal thats! Finely chopped fresh or dried blueberry leaves per cup of water and simmer for 5 more minutes cooling. Leaves and roots have served as a remedy for diarrhea, regulating menses and anemia your... Hot water to 1 tablespoon of dried and stored in a husk that doesn & # x27 ; ve your. Consent for the website are tri-lobed with leaflets being spade-heart shaped anxiety attack the terminal leaflet is to... Wear gloves and long sleeves to protect yourself from the calyxes of Hibiscus is!
David Hudson Obituary, Organized Crime In Los Angeles 2020, Articles W